bapa saudaraku batuk berdarah (hemoptysis)

sedang aku asyik stadi, jam 12.15 malam, tba2 mesej facebook masuk. drpd adik lelakiku.. katanya bapa saudaraku batuk berdarah. setengah jam kemudian, mak ayah aku pula kol, bertanyakan aku perihal tersebut..

Table 47-1: Differential Diagnosis of Hemoptysis
Source other than the lower respiratory tract
Upper airway (nasopharyngeal) bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Tracheobronchial source
Neoplasm (bronchogenic carcinoma, endobronchial metastatic tumor, Kaposi’s sarcoma, bronchial carcinoid)
Bronchitis (acute or chronic)
Bronchiectasis
Broncholithiasis
Airway trauma
Foreign body
Pulmonary parenchymal source
Lung abscess
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Mycetoma ("fungus ball")
Goodpasture’s syndrome
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Lupus pneumonitis
Lung contusion
Primary vascular source
Arteriovenous malformation
Pulmonary embolism
Elevated pulmonary venous pressure (esp. mitral stenosis)
Pulmonary artery rupture secondary to balloon-tip pulmonary artery catheter manipulation
Miscellaneous/rare causes
Pulmonary endometriosis
Systemic coagulopathy or use of anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents